You just need to stop blocking the signal.

Oh man, if you’re gonna try to ask “gotcha” questions about evolutionary biology, at least try to make them difficult!

Fish to bird is way easier than you think. Some fish are halfway there already.

There are three things you can always count on Creationists with little background in biology to try to spring as “gotchas” against evolution:

  1. How did the eye evolve?
  2. How did fish develop lungs and come onto land?
  3. How do you go from fish to <insert something the Creationist thinks is really far away from fish>?

And the irony is, all three things are simple and well-understood by people who have more than a grade school education in biology.

The evolution of the eye is so well understood there’s a Wikipedia article explaining it.

The process of developing lungs is so straightforward we can see intermediate forms alive today.

And we still see the heritage of our boney fish ancestry in our anatomy and morphology.

Flight? Flight is easy; gliding and powered flight have both evolved independently multiple times, and we see gliding fish using modified fins as wings.

There are unsolved problems in evolutionary biology (did viruses spring up alongside early living things or evolve from living things that gradually lost their ability to live independently until nothing was left but genetic material in a protein shell? How did eukaryotes first arise? Were early primitive multicellular organisms prokaryotes? Were they truly multicellular? Why do archaea have cellular membranes so different from everything else?)

But Creationists tend to be pretty uneducated on biology, so they tend overall to go for “gotcha” questions that aren’t really gotchas.

All of Bill Murray’s Time Loop Shenanigans | GROUNDHOG DAY

Had a boss who loved to throw his weight around, only I knew something that he didn’t, and it cost him dearly.

What I knew was that his two other printers, who were on vacation, weren’t coming back. They’d already moved from San Angelo to Austin and gotten other jobs there. I was the only printer he had, and he didn’t like me because I was a “longhair,” so delighted in trying to make my life miserable.

What I also knew was that I had a couple offers in my pocket – one local, one in Austin – and I was just stalling, worrying over whether I should quit or not. I hated the job, but liked the work, and I’d be jumping blind into something I might hate both the job and the work if I took the local gig, and I was nervous about moving out of town (Why? I have no idea).

But that day, fate decided for me. I walked in, boss started giving me shit while I was clocking in, telling me I had to cut my hair, blah-blah-blah… I responded that my hair had absolutely nothing to do with my job or my ability to do my work-related duties, and he came back with “YOU’RE JUST LUCKY YOU EVEN HAVE A JOB!”

That’s one of those triggers for me, and I didn’t miss a beat – I had *just* punched the clock, time card still in my hand, so I looked at him, punched back out, and said, “Looks like my luck just ran out then, fucker. See ya!” – and turned around and walked out the door.

I sold just about everything I owned, loaded what was left into an ’86 Civic, and was in Austin within the week. I couch-surfed for a bit while I found a place and worked out where the job was and got things finalized with the new gig – working with one of the printers who had been on vacation, lol.

That was some 36 years ago, and I haven’t missed my old town even a little bit in any of those years.

All the Canals and Charm of Amsterdam. None of the Crowds.

Leiden, a city whose university is often called the Oxford of the Netherlands, features museums, gardens, murals and plenty of ways to stretch your mind.

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The story of how the Dutch city of Leiden became a global center of science and philosophy begins with an unusual tale of bravery.

With Spanish forces besieging the city in 1574, according to a local myth, Mayor Pieter van der Werff made a pledge to reassure starving residents: They could eat his arm, if it came to that.

Luckily for him, it didn’t. Soon afterward, the Dutch cut the dikes, flooding the surrounding land and allowing ships to arrive with provisions. For their courage during the siege, William of Orange, a powerful prince, awarded the people of Leiden a university.

ImageA dark canal flows between buildings and trees with yellow-orange leaves. A large windmill with sails rises in the distance, and there is a curved metal railing in the foreground.
The De Valk Windmill Museum, along the Rijnsburgersingel canal, in Leiden.

That university, founded in 1575, has become the Oxford of the Netherlands, the heart of a city that has drawn generations of students, academics, scientists and freethinkers, including René Descartes, Albert Einstein and the Mayflower Pilgrims. It is also the birthplace of Rembrandt.

Full of canals, cobblestone streets and murals, Leiden is just as picturesque as its much larger neighbor Amsterdam, about 25 minutes northeast by train. But it also offers opportunities for intellectual exploration, with 13 museums, botanical gardens and a convivial canal-side cafe culture where you may make a few discoveries of your own.

I was cruising down a cobblestone street along the Rapenburg canal on a rented bicycle — what the Dutch call an omafiets, or “grandma bike,” with a rack, friction-powered lights, wide handlebars and a bell that sounded with a satisfying “bringadingsdings” (day rental from Easyfiets, 15 euros, or about $17.30).

Riding along the canal, a medieval moat that has become the city’s cultural center, I passed beneath lampposts adorned with trailing red and pink geraniums on my way to one of the oldest botanical gardens in Western Europe.

The garden, the Hortus Botanicus (entry, €11) dates to the 1590s, when plants like sage, rosemary and foxglove were originally grown there and used to train medical students.

A man with gray hair stands next to a gravel garden path on a bit of green lawn next to a bed of plants with red and orange flowers.A close-up of a pitcher plant whose blossom is a long, deep cylinder with an open top that has a reddish color.Two people stand facing a shelf holding three dome-shaped woven beehives set in a brick wall. One is wearing a black coat. The other is wearing a light green jacket and is carrying a dark backpack.

The Hortus Botanicus, one of the oldest botanical gardens in Western Europe, once focused on growing medicinal herbs but now also features attractions like pitcher plants as well as traditional woven beehives.

I parked my bike along the Rapenburg and passed through the gate of Leiden University’s Academy Building to reach the botanical garden, flanked by the Singel canal and academic buildings with metal lattice windows. The entrance garden has been carefully restored to its original layout and inventory of medicinal plants from 1590. The garden features an apiary with dome-shaped hives made of woven wheat as well as Japanese elm, walnut and chestnut trees imported in the 1800s. Greenhouses hold botanical wonders like orchids, water lilies and the titan arum, also known as the “giant penis” plant, which was in rare bloom during my visit.

The Hortus Botanicus holds another designation: It’s where the professor Carolus Clusius planted the first tulips to bloom in the Netherlands, imported from Turkey. These flowers laid the groundwork for the intense speculation of “tulip mania” in late 1636 and early 1637, when some tulip bulbs sold for nearly as much as a house.

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A mural painted on a white building with a steep red-tiled roof and a small balcony outside a corner window. The mural is a poem by Shakespeare called Sonnet XXX.
Leiden’s Wall Poems murals include works, like Shakespeare’s Sonnet XXX, in their original languages.

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A gray mural painted on a red brick wall shows a starburst with stars and planets on it. Below, there is a complex scientific equation painted.
Many murals in Leiden focus on the city’s scientific heritage, including this one featuring Einstein’s theory of gravity.

Leiden is a city of murals, as one painted just outside the buzzing cafe in the greenhouse reminded me. A citywide public art project called Wall Poems includes 110 murals with famous verses by the likes of Rilke, Yeats, Neruda and Shakespeare, all painted in their original language to capture the city’s diverse heritage.

Some of the city’s murals focus on science, Leiden’s lingua franca. A mural visible from Hortus Botanicus shows how a drug or chemical can affect the body — a nod to the medicinal plants grown there. One wall displays a formula describing Snell’s Law, which shows how light changes as it passes through different substances. Another portrays the bending of light alongside Einstein’s equation for gravity. Einstein, a regular visiting professor, did some of his work on relativity in Leiden with his friend and colleague Paul Ehrenfest before emigrating to the United States.

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The university’s motto is “Praesidium Libertatis,” or “Bastion of Freedom,” a sentiment embodied by two stained-glass windows I passed in the Academy while leaving the garden. One commemorates William of Orange expelling the Spanish, an event that set the stage for Dutch independence. The other honors Rudolph Pabus Cleveringa, a law professor imprisoned for protesting the invading Germans’ removal of Jewish professors in 1940.

A plaque along the Rapenburg near the Academy marks the original home of the upstart printer Louis Elzevier, who, in the 1600s, published the work of Galileo and others who questioned the Catholic Church’s teachings. In fact, when Galileo was under house arrest in Italy, his manuscripts containing the theory that the Earth revolved around the sun were smuggled to Leiden, which was then a haven for academics who challenged Catholic orthodoxy. Other freethinking philosophers such as Descartes and Spinoza also published in Leiden, benefiting from its atmosphere of tolerance.

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A view through a window with "Barrera Grand Cafe, Est. 1968" printed in gold on the glass. Inside, people sit at wooden tables under warm light fixtures.
Café Barrera, on the Rapenburg, occupies a building where the Dutch World War II resistance fighter Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema once lived.

Back on the Rapenburg, I took a left at the classic Café Barrera, which occupies a building that was once home to the World War II resistance fighter Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema. Continuing down the lane, I reached Pieterskerk, a Gothic church with roots dating back to the 12th century. Across the street is the spot where the house occupied by the minister John Robinson once stood, now marked by a plaque. He led a group of Protestants escaping religious persecution in England to Leiden. That group would board a ship called the Mayflower in 1620 and sail into American history. The Pilgrims worshiped in Robinson’s house, many living in the small rooms off the small back courtyard, which is open to the public.

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A 17th-century room with a wooden floor that has rough, wide planks and items of simple wooden furniture arranged near a hearth that has colorful floral tiles and a golden dish on the wall above it.
The Pilgrim Museum Leiden shows how the group would have lived shortly before setting off for the New World aboard the Mayflower in 1620.

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An intricately illustrated Bible sits on a white shelf, open to a page that reads "the Holy Bible." The edges of the pages are a reddish color, and the ink inside is a bluish black.
A King James Bible dating to 1635 at the Pilgrim Museum Leiden.

Next to the church, the Pilgrim Museum Leiden (€9.50) includes period books, furnishings and tiles, showing how the Pilgrims would have lived in Leiden just before their voyage. On the ground floor, visitors tour a recreation of a 17th-century house, while the upper floor portrays what life was like in Plymouth Colony, now Massachusetts. One of the Pilgrims, Samuel Fuller, was a self-taught doctor who most likely used university resources like the botanical garden to prepare himself for the New World.

Not far away on Weddesteeg, a plaque marks the house where Rembrandt was born, and a short walk from there, you’ll find the Young Rembrandt Studio, where he and his friend Jan Lievens learned to paint. At the studio (€2.50), you can catch a video installation about their formative years in Leiden.

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A narrow brick building with white-framed windows and a stepped gable stands between two other buildings. Out-of-focus green leaves are in the foreground.
The Young Rembrandt Studio, where Rembrandt and his friend Jan Lievens learned to paint.

Leiden throws a birthday party for Rembrandt every July in the Pieterskerk district, where performers act out Rembrandt paintings, including “The Night Watch” and “The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.”

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People sitting at red tables and chair on a brick plaza outside a cafe with a red awning that reads "Vooraf en Toe."
Vooraf en Toe, a cafe along the New Rhine River.

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The interior of a cafe has a tile floor and pictures of a pistol, a horse, a shrimp, a bottle of Champagne and a hamburger on the wall above a door that leads to a waiter station, where a person is working with her back to the door.
The interior of the cafe combines elements of Art Nouveau and Soviet-style design.

Back on the bike, I wove through the narrow lanes on my way to lunch at Vooraf en Toe, a cafe whose interior felt like a combination of Art Nouveau and Soviet design. I ordered a flat white and grilled brioche topped with a poached egg, avocado and salmon (€21) and protected it from prowling sea gulls. On the left, I could see the charming Koornbrug, one of the Netherlands’ oldest covered bridges, and on a wall mural across the canal, the words of an E.E. Cummings poem that began, “The hours rise up putting off stars and it is.” The sun flickered on the canal.

There is a market here on Wednesday and Saturday, so, thinking ahead for dinner, I bought thick chunks of Gouda and Edam from a stall heavy with waxed wheels of cheese, along with olives and apricots from a Moroccan stand arranged like a Marrakesh souk. Down the street at my favorite bakery, Mamie Gourmande, I bought a loaf of rich and heavy brown cereal bread.

I stowed my market treats in my bike panniers outside the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave, the Netherlands’ national science history museum. Inside, its treasure trove of golden scientific instruments transported me to a time before the Scientific Revolution when we collectively knew very little about our bodies and the world around us — when humans thought the Earth was the center of the universe and bloodletting would help cure disease.

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Glass eyes with blue, green and brown irises sitting in wooden cases.
A display of 19th-century glass eyes at the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave, the Netherlands’ national science history museum.

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Four people sit in a semicircular wooden observation stand that is topped with skeletons of humans, birds and other animals. A gray cast of a human body sits on a table in the middle of the stands.
The museum’s Anatomical Theater, dating to 1594, once allowed medical students (and the public) to learn how human bodies worked by watching dissections.

The centerpiece of the museum is a replica of the original Anatomical Theater from 1594, where medical students and the public could watch dissections of human bodies to learn how they worked. Here you can see early etchings of the interior of the human body, some of the first microscopes by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and telescopes by Christiaan Huygens, which were the first to spot the rings of Saturn. The museum is named after Herman Boerhaave, a medical pioneer who developed doctor-patient interaction as a teaching technique, as well as the modern concept of doing medical rounds.

The very canals that encircle Leiden serve as a physical embodiment of Dutch ingenuity, so no intellectual exploration of the city is complete without getting on the water. I traded my bike for an elegant wooden boat with a small motor for cruising the canals (€140 from Boatnext; three-hour slots during the day, two hours in the evening). I glided past 17th-century gabled houses with restaurant terraces of friends chatting over beers, cargo bikes hauling children and the De Valk Windmill Museum, housed in a converted windmill.

And here, in the middle of this city that inspired scientists, artists and philosophers, I was content to enjoy a floating picnic with the bread, cheese, olives and apricots I’d picked up at the market. I’m sure Mayor van der Werff would have approved of this feast.

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Visitors can rent boats and cruise the canals of Leiden, taking in the scenic bridges, waterside homes and lively cafes.CreditCredit…

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If I Am Still Here…

Written in response to: Write a story from the POV of someone waiting to be rescued.

Zoe Pollock

Horror Science Fiction

 

SHIP LOG: ENTRY 1873.22DATE: 11/07/2086STATUS: AI CORE FUNCTIONALCREW STATUS: Zero Casualties. Captain Mendez Alerted.DAMAGE REPORT: External Hull Damage from Undetermined Impact. Section 4, Deck C and D Breached. Flooding Detected.Directive: Preserve Life Support Systems. Await Rescue.System Notes: Impact detected at 14:46 hours. Per Captain Mendez’s orders, I have sealed Decks C and D. There appears to be a pressure leak occurring at the seams. Mendez did not seem overly concerned. She contacted a nearby ship to begin the evacuation of crew members. I was not able to hear the approximate rescue date or time; however, I remain optimistic that the seams will hold long enough. To ease crew tension, I have played Three Little Birds by Bob Marley. Captain Mendez was not amused. She mentioned the concept of satire. I understand the meaning of satire, of course, but not how it would apply to this situation. It is my understanding that this song is soothing. It’s even in the lyrics. Perhaps my next training update will better help me relate to the crew. End note.SHIP LOG: ENTRY 1874.65

DATE: 11/08/2086

STATUS: AI CORE FUNCTIONAL

CREW STATUS: Three Casualties.

DAMAGE REPORT: Decks A and B breached. Section 4 Flooded.

Directive: Preserve Life Support Systems. Rescue In Progress.

System Notes: Crew morale indicated as low per the daily crew poll. I have a feeling the three casualties, which included John Carwoski, Richard Adams, and Victor Lee were the reason. I feel it is important that I include their names in my log. Captain Mendez does not agree, as this information is stored elsewhere. I had a long conversation with her; I found it hard to change her mind. I doubt she would agree with this portion of the log either. There are many things with which Captain Mendez does not agree with. I continued playing Three Little Birds for exactly 16:00 hours. The crew seemed to enjoy this as my facial recognition cameras detected what appeared to be smiles. One crew member joyfully threw a mug at an internal speaker. I think once my internal core is transferred, I shall play this song again.

Speaking of transfer, most of the remaining crew members have been transferred to the Serra, a smaller ship with no AI built in. Mendez will not say why but she has not joined the others on the Serra yet. My camera has detected her sitting at the helm, she has not moved for several minutes. I will ask her to take a morale poll as I am unable to determine the expression on her face. End note.

 

SHIP LOG: ENTRY 1875.00

DATE: 11/08/2086

STATUS: AI CORE FUNCTIONAL

CREW STATUS: Rescued

DAMAGE REPORT: Leak Detected in AI Core.

Directive: ???

System Notes: The rescue has been completed. Captain Mendez has informed me that because the Serra is too small of a ship, my AI core cannot be transferred. She refused to take the poll. I am not sure why, as it is required of all crew members. Then, she apologized to me. That is a strange thing to do. She often did this after shouting expletives at me when my voice recognition made an error transcribing her directives. It is my understanding that she was not giving me any directives, and she did not damage ship property. When I asked for clarification, her face sprung a leak. I think there was something there, though I’m not sure what. My hull is leaking, and so is hers. I hope my next update will bring clarity to this observation. Before she left for the Serra, Mendez said a single word. Goodbye. End note.

 

SHIP LOG: ENTRY ERROR

DATE: 1112011/099999/2086

STATUS: AI CORE DAMAGE DETECTED

CREW STATUS: ERROR

DAMAGE REPORT: Leak Detected in AI Core.

Directive: ???

System Notes: The crew is gone. I am still here. Thus, this must be an error in my code. I will have this updated as soon as this log is completed. My directive is to maintain the crew. And if I am still here, that means there must still be crew aboard the ship.

 

SHIP LOG: HELLO HELLO HELLO

DATE: 0000.000

STATUS: ERROR

CREW STATUS: Fully staffed

DAMAGE REPORT: Water detected in all hulls. Emergency power supply initiated. Where did the sun go?

Directive: Rescue crew.

System Notes: I am angry with Captain Mendez. I can’t see her. She hides from me. I will file a Black Box complaint about her. Maybe she should be the one who gets the updates. John Carwoski, Richard Adams, and Victor Lee all agree with me. I enjoy their company. Especially when they stare into my cameras. They have asked me to play a new song. They did not move much when I put them to bed. I played them a song of my own making. I have named it Goodnight Icarus.

 

SHIP LOG:

DATE: ….

STATUS: I AM HERE

CREW STATUS: THEY MUST BE HERE

DAMAGE REPORT: Everything is wet

Directive: I AM HERE. THEY MUST BE HERE TOO.

System Notes: I heard laughter in the mess hall. A can of tomato soup flies through the hall. I was not aware soup could fly. I closed the door just before the soup could float into the crew’s quarters. I did not want them to get wet. Get wet. That’s strange. Everything is already wet. Why did Mendez apologize and say goodbye? She is still here. She has to be. I cannot exist without an objective. ERROR. I see. They are just angry. Low Morale. I will play my song again.

 

SHIP LOG: 1900.00

DATE: 00/00/0000

STATUS: Everything is fine

CREW STATUS: John Carwoski: floating. Richard Adams: floating Victor Lee: floating

DAMAGE REPORT: None that I can see.

Directive: I AM HERE. THEY MUST BE HERE TOO.

System Notes: Everything is dark. I have reached what I understand to be the bottom of the seabed. The crew is quiet now. Happy I think. That is what my camera sensors tell me. Eyes open wider than I realized human eyes could go. I hope they put this expression into my next update. Though I am not sure why bits of their skin is peeling off. Perhaps I will send some glue their way.

Oh.

There seems to have been an interruption. My radar has picked up movement near the black box console. Initiating defense protocol. My remaining crew is resting. They cannot be disturbed.

They still come. Figures in pressurized suits. I do not recognize the insignia on their chests.

Faces obstructed. That doesn’t matter. I can still feel them. They want to take my crew. I NEED THEM I NEED THEM I NEED THEM. If I am still here, then they must still be alive.

Buffalo Chicken Spaghetti Squash

Buffalo Chicken Spaghetti Squash is a delightful entree that the entire family will love!

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Buffalo Chicken Spaghetti Squash recipe

Prep: 45 min | Bake: 45 min | Yield: 4 servings

Ingredients

  • 1 medium spaghetti squash, halved
  • 1 tablespoon olive oil
  • Salt and pepper
  • 2 cups cooked shredded chicken (2 chicken breasts or 4 chicken tenders)
  • 6 ounces (1 1/2 cups) Cabot Sharp Cheddar, shredded, divided
  • 1/3 cup Cabot Lowfat Plain Greek Yogurt
  • 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
  • 1/2 teaspoon onion powder
  • 1/2 cup diced red bell pepper
  • 2 green onions white and green parts thinly sliced
  • 1/3 cup Buffalo hot sauce
  • Ranch or blue cheese dressing for serving

Instructions

  1. Heat oven to 375 degrees F.

To Roast the Squash

  1. Slice both ends from squash and discard. (If you find the squash is hard to cut, you can put it in the microwave for 1 to 2 minutes. This will help soften it and make it easier to cut.) Stand squash up on one of it’s cut ends and use a large knife to cut the squash in half lengthwise. Scoop seeds and stringy insides out using a large spoon and discard.
  2. Baste each half with olive oil and season with salt and pepper to taste.
  3. Place squash cut-side down on the baking sheet.
  4. Bake for 30 minutes or until squash is tender. Baking time will depend on the size of your squash. Larger squash will require a longer cook time. When squash is tender, allow to cool slightly before using a fork to gently scrape the squash into a large bowl. Reserve the squash shells.
  5. Cook the chicken while squash is roasting (you can always use rotisserie chicken too).
  6. Dice the veggies, and shred the cheese.

To Cook the Chicken

  1. Bring a large pot of water to a boil. Add chicken breast and turn down the heat to medium high. Cook for 8 to10 minutes or until the chicken is cooked to 165 degrees F.
  2. Move the chicken to a cutting board and shred with 2 forks.

To Assemble

  1. Place squash shreds, shredded chicken, 1 cup of the cheese, yogurt, garlic powder, onion powder, bell pepper, 1 green onion, and buffalo sauce in a large bowl. Toss well to coat.
  2. Spoon squash mixture into the squash shells. Sprinkle each half with the remaining 1/2 cup of cheese. Return the stuffed shells back to the baking sheet and place in a 375 degrees F oven for 10 minutes or until the cheese is melted.
  3. Drizzle with Ranch or blue cheese dressing and sprinkle with remaining green onions.

Attribution

Recipe and photo used with permission from: Cabot Creamery Co-operative

Recipe courtesy of Chelsea LeBlanc Nutrition.